Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries that go from the heart to the lungs. This condition occurs when the arteries are narrow or obstructed. The exact cause of this condition is unknown, but there are various treatments available for it. It is a rare condition that is progressive in nature. So, it is vital to get treatment for it at the earliest. Read on to know more about this condition, its symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatments.

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension?

In the early stages, patients with PAH may show no symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild and hard to detect. In some cases, patients may only exhibit symptoms while performing certain activities, which is why it may go undiagnosed.

The primary symptoms of PAH are:

• Shortness of breath while performing any activity
• Severe chest pain
• Severe swelling in the face, ankles, and legs due to fluid retention
• Episodes of fainting
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Coughing and coughing up blood
• Bluish tinge to the skin and lips
• Enlarged heart and liver

In severe cases, the abnormal enlargement of the right ventricle could potentially lead to heart failure.

What are the causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension?

The exact cause for this condition is unknown. According to research studies, PAH occurs when the cells that line the small blood vessels of the lungs are injured. This injury leads to contraction of the smooth muscles which, in turn, causes the vessels to narrow. Some studies also suggest that people who develop PAH have blood vessels that are sensitive to certain internal and external factors.

What are the risk factors associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension?

Some common risk factors associated with PAH are:

• Gender: PAH is 3-5 times more common in women than in men.
• Genetic mutations: Roughly 15-20% of patients with PAH have a heritable form of the condition. Heritable PAH is most often caused by mutations in the BMPR2 gene.
• Use of appetite-suppressant medications: According to a study by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), the risk of PAH is nine times higher in people who have used appetite-suppressant medications for three months or longer than in people who have not consumed them.
• Certain health conditions: Some conditions like scleroderma and HIV are associated with a higher risk of developing PAH. Scientists are currently studying the mechanisms through which these conditions may lead to PAH.

What are the treatment options available for pulmonary arterial hypertension?
The treatment options depend upon the severity of the symptoms and reports of diagnostic tests. The medicines for PAH can be taken orally, through inhalers, or intravenously (IV). Sometimes, doctors may recommend a combination of treatments. Additionally, the patient may have to take blood thinners and supplemental oxygen.